# File Permissions & Ownership

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#### Linux File Permissions

Every file in Linux has permissions, these define which actions can be undertaken by the user,group, and other.

As seen on the file below, permissions are set at the start of the line using 10 characters.

```
-r--r-xrw- 1 root root       27 May 26 10:56 test.txt
```

These 10 characters are the permission classes, and are used as follows:

[![image.png](https://bookstack.b4sed.xyz/uploads/images/gallery/2024-05/scaled-1680-/8hWimage.png)](https://bookstack.b4sed.xyz/uploads/images/gallery/2024-05/8hWimage.png)

(For file type: - is a file, d is a directory).

Permissions can also be represented in number format.

[![xbWimage.png](https://bookstack.b4sed.xyz/uploads/images/gallery/2024-05/scaled-1680-/xbwimage.png)](https://bookstack.b4sed.xyz/uploads/images/gallery/2024-05/xbwimage.png)

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##### Changing file or directory permissions 

(Numerical representation)

```
chmod 777 filename 
```

(Letter representation)

```
chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=r
```

You can also use -R to chmod recursively:

```
chmod -R 777 directoryname
```

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#### Linux File Ownership

Files in Linux are owned by a user and group.

```
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       27 May 26 10:56 test.txt
```

##### Changing user/group

```
chown newuser:newgroup
```

For instances where you want to chown a directory, and all of the subdirectories & files within, we can use the -R (recursive) flag:

```
chown -R newuser:newgroup directoryname 
```

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#### FACL - File Access Control List

File Access Control Lists (FACLs) provide a robust mechanism for managing file permissions in Linux, offering greater flexibility and control than traditional Unix permissions. By using commands like setfacl and getfacl, administrators can easily set and view ACLs to fine-tune access to files and directories for multiple users and groups.

##### View file/directory ACL

```
getfacl filename
```

##### Grant an additional user permissions on a file

```
setfacl -m u:username:rwx filename
```

##### Remove a user's permissions on a file

```
setfacl -x u:username filename
```

##### Define default ownership/permissions for directories

```
setfacl -m d:u:username:rwx filename 
```

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##### Sticky bits

In Linux, the sticky bit is a special permission that can be set on directories to control user access to the files within those directories. When the sticky bit is set on a directory, it restricts the deletion or renaming of files within that directory. Specifically, only the file's owner, the directory's owner, or the root user can delete or rename files.

Enable sticky bits

```
chmod o+t directoryname
```

Disable sticky bits

```
chmod o-t directoryname
```

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