echo, printf, tr, wc

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echo

Built-in Linux feature to print out arguments as standard output.

echo {string}

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printf

Similar to echo, but allows for more control over the formatting of output.

printf {string}

Option	Function
\n	newline printf "hello \n how are you"

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tr

tr performs operations like removing repeated characters, converting uppercase to lowercase, and basic character removal

 or replacement.

tr {character 1} {character 2}

echo 'linuxize' | tr 'lin' 'red'
reduxeze

In this example, tr has been used to replace the occurrence of 'lin' with 'red'.

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wc

wc, or wordcount, is a function used for counting a part of an output. wc can be used to count the number of words, lines, characters, or bytes in a file or output.

wc [options] {filename}

Option	Function
-l	Line count
-c	byte count
-m	character count
-w	word count

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sort

Linux utility for sorting lines of text files.

sort [options] {filename}

Option	Function
-k {column number)	Sort by values in a specified column.
-n	Sorts based on numerical value
-r	Sorts fields in descending order
-t	Seperate one field from another

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cut

Extracts specified lines of text from a file.

cut [options] {filename}

Option	Function
-c	Specify the number of characters to cut from each line.
-d {delimter}	Seperate one field from another.
-f {fieldnumber)	Specify the field numbers to cut as separated by the delimiter. IE f2 would be the field between the first and second instances of the delimiter.
-s	Suppress a line if a delimiter is not found.

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paste

Used to merge lines from text files horizontally.

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diff

Used to compare text files.

diff [options] {file1} {file2}

Option	Function
-b	Ignore spacing differences
-i	ignore case differences
-t	Expand tab characters in output lines
-w	Ignore spacing differences and tabs
-c	Display a list of differences with three lines of context
-u	Output results in unified mode.

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awk

Performs pattern matching on files.

awk [options] ['patterns {actions}'] {filename}